{
 "source": "maternal-mortality-data.csv and maternal-mortality-dragon-crossref.csv (2026-09-12); Loudon 2000; Wrigley & Schofield 1981; WHO/UNICEF",
 "series": [
  {
   "year": -54,
   "region": "Rome",
   "deathsPer100k": null,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "Julia (Caesar’s daughter / Pompey’s wife) dies in childbirth; alliance collapses; Republic falls within 5 years",
   "source": "Plutarch / Seneca"
  },
  {
   "year": 1550,
   "region": "England",
   "deathsPer100k": 1000,
   "lifetimeRisk": "1 in 18 (5.6%)",
   "keyEvent": "Earliest parish register data; ~1% per delivery",
   "source": "Wrigley & Schofield / CAMPOP Cambridge"
  },
  {
   "year": 1600,
   "region": "England",
   "deathsPer100k": 1000,
   "lifetimeRisk": "1 in 18 (5.6%)",
   "keyEvent": "",
   "source": "Loudon 2000"
  },
  {
   "year": 1650,
   "region": "England",
   "deathsPer100k": 1050,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "17th-century peak: 1.7% per delivery",
   "source": "Loudon 2000"
  },
  {
   "year": 1700,
   "region": "England",
   "deathsPer100k": 900,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "",
   "source": "Loudon 2000"
  },
  {
   "year": 1750,
   "region": "England",
   "deathsPer100k": 850,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "",
   "source": "Loudon 2000"
  },
  {
   "year": 1800,
   "region": "England",
   "deathsPer100k": 900,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "",
   "source": "Loudon 2000"
  },
  {
   "year": 1800,
   "region": "Sweden",
   "deathsPer100k": 900,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "",
   "source": "Our World in Data / Gapminder"
  },
  {
   "year": 1850,
   "region": "England",
   "deathsPer100k": 500,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "",
   "source": "Loudon 2000"
  },
  {
   "year": 1880,
   "region": "England",
   "deathsPer100k": 450,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "",
   "source": "Loudon 2000"
  },
  {
   "year": 1900,
   "region": "England",
   "deathsPer100k": 400,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "",
   "source": "Loudon 2000"
  },
  {
   "year": 1920,
   "region": "England",
   "deathsPer100k": 400,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "A woman born this year faced her great-grandmother’s odds",
   "source": "Loudon 2000"
  },
  {
   "year": 1930,
   "region": "UK",
   "deathsPer100k": 500,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "Plateau persists despite falling infant/infectious disease mortality",
   "source": "Loudon 2000"
  },
  {
   "year": 1935,
   "region": "UK",
   "deathsPer100k": 500,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "Stubborn plateau; all other death rates falling",
   "source": "Loudon 2000"
  },
  {
   "year": 1937,
   "region": "UK",
   "deathsPer100k": 400,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "Sulfonamides enter clinical practice: the cliff begins",
   "source": "WHO/Loudon 2000"
  },
  {
   "year": 1940,
   "region": "UK",
   "deathsPer100k": 300,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "Antibiotics follow; blood transfusion; sterile cesarean",
   "source": "WHO"
  },
  {
   "year": 1945,
   "region": "UK",
   "deathsPer100k": 150,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "",
   "source": "WHO"
  },
  {
   "year": 1950,
   "region": "UK",
   "deathsPer100k": 100,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "",
   "source": "WHO"
  },
  {
   "year": 1960,
   "region": "UK",
   "deathsPer100k": 50,
   "lifetimeRisk": "1 in ~300",
   "keyEvent": "Order of magnitude improvement in one generation",
   "source": "WHO"
  },
  {
   "year": 1970,
   "region": "UK",
   "deathsPer100k": 25,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "",
   "source": "WHO/UNICEF"
  },
  {
   "year": 1980,
   "region": "UK",
   "deathsPer100k": 18,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "",
   "source": "WHO/UNICEF"
  },
  {
   "year": 1982,
   "region": "United States",
   "deathsPer100k": null,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "Women surpass men in US higher education enrollment",
   "source": "NCES"
  },
  {
   "year": 1990,
   "region": "UK",
   "deathsPer100k": 15,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "",
   "source": "WHO/UNICEF"
  },
  {
   "year": 2000,
   "region": "UK",
   "deathsPer100k": 13,
   "lifetimeRisk": "1 in 2400",
   "keyEvent": "",
   "source": "WHO/UNICEF"
  },
  {
   "year": 2010,
   "region": "UK",
   "deathsPer100k": 13,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "",
   "source": "WHO/UNICEF"
  },
  {
   "year": 2022,
   "region": "UK",
   "deathsPer100k": 13,
   "lifetimeRisk": "1 in 2400",
   "keyEvent": "Childbirth barely registers as mortality risk",
   "source": "WHO/UNICEF 2022"
  },
  {
   "year": 2022,
   "region": "Sweden",
   "deathsPer100k": 5,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "Among the lowest in the world",
   "source": "WHO/UNICEF 2022"
  },
  {
   "year": 2022,
   "region": "Finland",
   "deathsPer100k": 5,
   "lifetimeRisk": null,
   "keyEvent": "",
   "source": "WHO/UNICEF 2022"
  }
 ],
 "crossref": [
  {
   "case": "China (Pre-1487)",
   "period": "-1400 to 1487 (rising) / 1487-1905 (stagnation)",
   "dragonScore": "Rising 5 / Stagnation 3",
   "connection": "Gate shut for women across entire period; exam system excluded women by design",
   "detail": "The keju ran 1300+ years and selected exclusively for men. Women were formally excluded from the examination system. The same institutional channel that left a measurable genetic fingerprint (Ch 4) compounded ONLY through men because the gate was built with a male-only lock. Chinese foot-binding (roughly 960-1911) physically restricted women during the same centuries the dragon was strongest. The dragon and the mortality tax reinforced each other: the institution excluded women, and the biological risk of reproduction discouraged families from fighting for inclusion.",
   "source": "Elman 2000; Bossen & Gates 2017"
  },
  {
   "case": "Roman Republic/Empire",
   "period": "-200 to 200 (rising)",
   "dragonScore": "Rising 3",
   "connection": "Julia’s death (54 BC) falls in the RISING period: the biological tax hit during peak compounding",
   "detail": "Julia died in August 54 BC during Rome’s rising period (200 BC - 200 CE, Rising Score 3). The Republic was actively compounding: law, engineering, census, 10-15% literacy. The one-percent-per-delivery risk killed the human bond holding the political architecture together. The biological tax did not wait for stagnation. It struck at the peak.",
   "source": "Plutarch Life of Pompey; Loudon 2000"
  },
  {
   "case": "French Ancien Regime",
   "period": "1100-1604 (rising) / 1604-1789 (stagnation)",
   "dragonScore": "Rising 3 / Stagnation 2.5",
   "connection": "Salic Law + maternal mortality = double lock on women’s compounding",
   "detail": "France’s Salic Law (formalized 14th c.) excluded women from inheriting landed property AND from the throne. Combined with the ~1% per delivery mortality rate that held steady from 1550-1800 (CAMPOP Cambridge), French women faced two gates: a legal one written by the scribe and a biological one written by nature. The dragon’s credentialing monopoly ran through male-only institutions (universities barred women until 1880s). The Revolution (1789) slew the dragon but did NOT lift the mortality tax: that required sulfonamides in 1937, 148 years later.",
   "source": "Alesina/Giuliano/Nunn 2013; Loudon 2000"
  },
  {
   "case": "Modern US University",
   "period": "1876-1970 (rising) / 1970-2026 (stagnation)",
   "dragonScore": "Rising 4 / Stagnation 2",
   "connection": "1982 women surpass men in enrollment: the mortality tax lifts AND the dragon weakens simultaneously",
   "detail": "The US university system’s rising period (1876-1970) was overwhelmingly male. Women earned just 19% of bachelor’s degrees in 1900. The mortality tax was still high (US maternal mortality ~600/100k in 1915). When BOTH constraints lifted: sulfonamides/antibiotics after 1937 AND women’s legal access to universities: women surpassed men in enrollment by 1982 and have widened the gap every year since. The stagnation period (1970-present, Score 2) coincides with credential inflation: which now affects women disproportionately because they are the majority of the credentialing class. The dragon’s modern costume (UPL for law, tenure for academia) may be the first dragon in history that gates MORE women than men.",
   "source": "NCES Digest; WHO/UNICEF; Loudon 2000"
  },
  {
   "case": "England/UK: Mortality Timeline",
   "period": "1550-1937 plateau / 1937-2022 cliff",
   "dragonScore": "N/A (not a Dragon Scorecard case)",
   "connection": "England straddles Late Medieval Europe (counter-example: the claw never closed) and the modern era",
   "detail": "England/UK never formed a full dragon (Late Medieval Europe scores Stagnation 1, WEAK evidence). No unified credential monopoly: competing institutions (Oxford vs Cambridge vs Inns of Court vs Church vs Crown). This fragmentation is PRECISELY why England was where the mortality-tax data exists at all: parish registers from 1538 (Thomas Cromwell’s mandate) give us 470 years of continuous data. A monopoly system would not have produced competing recordkeeping institutions. The absence of the dragon enabled the innovation (sulfonamides, antibiotics, sterile surgery) that eventually lifted the biological tax. Fragmentation -> innovation -> the cliff begins 1937.",
   "source": "Loudon 2000; Wrigley & Schofield 1981"
  },
  {
   "case": "Scribal Saturation: All Professions",
   "period": "Crossing dates 1970s-2010s",
   "dragonScore": "Saturation visible across 8 professions",
   "connection": "Women’s entry into professions COINCIDES with saturation crossing dates",
   "detail": "Finance crossed in the early 1980s (women 9.1% of CFAs in 1990, 18% by 2023). Law crossed ~1990s (women 3% of lawyers in 1970, 38% by 2023). In the academy, women were 23% of full professors in 1993 and 34% by 2023. In EVERY case, the profession had already passed its saturation crossing date before women reached significant representation. Women are entering scribal classes that are already in the tail-eating phase: producing more ink per novel insight. The question the book asks: is this the dragon’s last costume? Women finally enter the gate just as the gate becomes the problem?",
   "source": "BLS; ABA; NCES; CFA Institute"
  },
  {
   "case": "Joseon Korea",
   "period": "1392-1600 (rising) / 1600-1897 (stagnation)",
   "dragonScore": "Rising 3 / Stagnation 3",
   "connection": "Neo-Confucian gender restrictions tightened AS the dragon formed",
   "detail": "Early Joseon women had property rights and could inherit. As the dragon matured (credentialing monopoly via the gwageo exam, self-serving yangban class), Neo-Confucian gender ideology was IMPOSED: women’s property rights were stripped, widows forbidden from remarrying, strict inside/outside separation enforced. The dragon and gender exclusion grew together. The exam selected for men; the ideology that justified the exam excluded women. Same pattern as China but compressed into a shorter timeline with clearer before/after evidence.",
   "source": "Deuchler 1992 ‘The Confucian Transformation of Korea’; Wagner 1974"
  },
  {
   "case": "Soviet Union",
   "period": "1917-1960 (rising) / 1960-1991 (stagnation)",
   "dragonScore": "Rising 3 / Stagnation 3",
   "connection": "Only system that deliberately lifted the mortality tax AND opened the gate simultaneously",
   "detail": "The USSR drove maternal mortality from ~1200/100k (1920s Russia) to ~55/100k by 1970. Simultaneously mandated women’s education and workforce participation. Women earned 58% of Soviet engineering degrees by 1985. Result: the fastest female compounding in any scribal class in history. But the dragon (state academy monopoly, no exit) ate the gains: women were compounding inside a stagnating system. When the dragon was slain (1991 collapse), the compounding scattered rather than compounded further.",
   "source": "WHO European Health Database; Soviet education statistics; Lapidus 1978"
  }
 ]
}